Urban green spaces play a crucial role in urban ecosystems, and the status of heavy metal pollution in their soils is directly linked to urban ecological security and public health. This study investigates the accumulation characteristics and potential risks of cadmium (Cd) in soils from highly urbanized areas, with a focus on the central urban region of Shanghai. Surface soil samples were systematically collected from 91 representative green spaces, and cadmium content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Employing geostatistical methods alongside the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI), we conducted a comprehensive assessment of Cd’s content, spatial distribution, and ecological risks. Within the study area, the mean Cd concentration in soils was 0.28 mg/kg, twice the Shanghai soil background value (0.14 mg/kg), indicating a pronounced Cd enrichment trend. Cd exhibited strong spatial heterogeneity, with Igeo values ranging from -1.31 to 4.27 across the study area. Over 50% of the sampling sites were subjected to anthropogenic Cd contamination of varying degrees. Except for one site in Jingan District exhibiting a high Igeo value, all other sampling sites were categorized as either uncontaminated or moderately contaminated. The study region was characterized by an overall moderate risk level, with more than 90% of the sampling sites falling into the moderate or low-risk categories. This study elucidates Cd pollution patterns in the soils of green spaces within Shanghai’s central urban area, providing a scientifi c foundation for targeted management, regulation, and remediation of urban soil environmental quality.