The distribution of particulate matter concentrations in high-density urban spaces has important implications for the health of the population and the sustainability of the environment. However, most of the current academic research focuses on the meso-macro scale, and the influence of different seasonal contexts on the quantitative relationship between urban form and particulate matter concentrations is still controversial. In this study, the effects of urban neighborhood patterns on particulate matter concentrations under different seasons were analyzed based on real-time observations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at 65 air quality monitoring stations in the main urban area of Jinan City in 2021. The results show that: (1) The particulate matter concentration shows a bimodal daily change, and has a significant U-shaped change rule month by month, the PM2.5 concentration shows a high in winter and low in summer, and is centered in spring and autumn, the PM10 shows a high in spring and low in summer, and centered in autumn and winter, and shows a spatial distribution pattern with a low in the southeast direction and a high in the northwest direction, and the high-pollution area is concentrated in the traffic and high-pollution areas are concentrated in traffic and building-intensive areas, and low-pollution areas are mainly distributed next to large urban green areas. (2) There is a clear seasonal variability in the effect of neighborhood patterns on particulate matter concentrations in the city. In all seasons, PM2.5 was significantly correlated with green space indicators, showing negative correlation with green space coverage (GCR), green space patch shape index (MSI), and green space maximum patch index (LPI), and positive correlation with green space patch density (PD), and PM2.5 was significantly correlated with building morphology indicators only in the fall and winter seasons, in which the building density (BD), average building height (AHV), and average building volume (AV) were the most influential indicators. PM10 was significantly correlated with the green space indicators only in the spring and winter seasons. PM10 was significantly correlated with green space indicators only in spring and winter, GCR and MSI were more influential, and the correlation with building form indicators such as BD, AHV, and floor area ratio (FAR) was significant only in fall and winter.