The global climate change situation is complex, and streets are an indispensable means of improving the urban climate, with the thermal comfort qualities of streets playing a vital role in public health and the construction of cities. The research focuses on the thermal comfort of urban streets in China, based on the literature sources from China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science. The literature review provides an overview of the relevant studies’ hot topics, key directions, research content, and methods. It analyses the differences in thermal comfort indicator thresholds under geographical influence. Based on the architectural climate zoning of China, the article further explores the microclimatic, individual, and spatial factors that influence thermal comfort in streets in an attempt to formulate a research framework for thermal comfort in Chinese urban streets. In this paper, we propose the construction of a local Chinese street thermal comfort research system and evaluation system, focusing on the critical scientific issues of spatial environmental thermal comfort, thereby promoting the transformation of street thermal comfort research results into design practice, which is of practical significance for actively exploring the planning and design of urban livable environment construction.