Taking 168 ethnic minority villages in Hunan province as samples, the spatial pattern and distribution law of ethnic minority villages in ethnic compact communities were further identified based on the analysis of the overall distribution characteristics of ethnic minority villages in Hunan Province by using ArcGIS spatial analysis and mathematical statistics. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Hunan province belongs to a cohesive type, with the obvious spatial imbalance and positive spatial correlation, forming a high-density area with Jishou City, Tongdao County and Jiangyao County as the core. (2) The ethnic minority villages in Hunan have obvious ethnic gathering areas. The ethnic minority villages in Hunan have obvious ethnic gathering areas, Miao villages have strong integration, and Yao people live alone in mountainous areas. (3) Ethnic segregation and integration in history made the spatial differentiation of ethnic villages more significant. (4) The diversity and closure of the natural environment are the basis of the generation and distribution of ethnic villages; While economic development, urbanization and traffic density drive the development of ethnic villages, they also have a negative impact on their retention. Urban economic radiation range affects the distribution characteristics of villages. Suggestions are put forward for the protection of ethnic minority villages in Hunan Province.