In the context of the global response to climate change, stormwater is a critical issue that is challenging the construction of urban resilience systems. This paper focuses on the urban gray infrastructure of docklands and suggests that coupled blue-green spatial optimization can play a positive role in solving stormwater challenges in urban waterfront docklands. Several typical docklands located in the north-central section of the Huangpu River in Shanghai are selected as the case study. An index system is set up to quantitatively evaluate different levels of stormwater resilience of the docklands. The indicators that can characterize the relationships between the blue-green spatial coupling of different docklands at the site scale are also established. This paper aims to reveal key blue-green spatial coupling indicators that affect the level of stormwater resilience of the waterfront dock area. The results show that: (1) The existing stormwater resilience levels and the degrees of blue-green spatial coupling have spatial disparity in typical docklands along Huangpu River in Shanghai; (2) The blue-green coupling degree (C) and the blue-green coupling development coordination degree (D) are two key indicators affecting the stormwater resilience levels of the dock areas, and therefore the synergistic enhancement of stormwater resilience and blue-green coupling can be considered comprehensively. In terms of different spatial types of docklands, the paper summarizes four spatial optimization modes of blue-green coupling, which provide technical support for improving the stormwater resilience of urban waterfront wharf areas, and for realizing the transformation of urban docklands from gray infrastructure to high-quality blue-green infrastructure.