Mondrian’s Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow combines abstract points, lines, area elements and tricolor to show the pursuit of order and balance. Based on the art theory embodied in Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow, the commonality, color correlation and spatial heterogeneity of the composition are extracted. This paper studies the relationship between the art theory and landscape design in Mondrian’s Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow, for further exploring the expression of art theory in landscape design, and combines relevant cases to try to provide useful thinking for landscape design in China.