Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization, the concept of ecological security is of great significance for maintaining ecological balance and enhancing human settlement in the demonstration districts of agricultural high-tech industries. Based on the land use data of the Yangling District from 2002 to 2022, we utilized the Plus-InVEST circuit theoretical coupling model to analyze the evolution of land use, simulate the land use pattern under an urban development scenario in 2032, and construct the ecological security patterns in 2022 and 2032. The results showed that cultivated land was the dominant land type in the Yangling district, which was frequently transformed into urban construction land, and the dynamic attitude of comprehensive land use fluctuated little. The PLUS model forecast indicated that the development of all districts would remain stable in 2032, with an urban development scenario characterized by construction in the east and cultivation in the west. From 2022 to 2032, under the urban development scenario, the area of ecological source would increase by 129.07 hm2, the number of corridors would increase by 40 and be added in the southeast, the area of ecological bottleneck would decrease by 85.05 hm2, and the area of ecological obstacle points would increase by 292.5 hm2. We proposed an optimization proposal for the composite structure of “multiple corridors and multiple cores” based on the current situation and future scenarios. This study provided a scientific basis for ecological protection, land use planning, and urban construction of Yangling and other small and semi-arid towns in northwest China.